Introduction
Chronic renal failure (CRF) is a progressive disease involving long-term insult to the kidneys which, over time, damages their ability to concentrate urine and remove nitrogenous wastes from circulation. Unfortunately, the clinical signs of chronic renal failure usually are not apparent until the dogs’ kidneys are severely and irreversibly damaged.
How Chronic Renal Failure Affects Dogs
Chronic renal failure can be present but asymptomatic for a very long time. Among the first changes noticed by owners of dogs with CRF are a marked increase in water intake and a dramatically increased output of urine. Other common signs are appetite loss, weight loss, vomiting, lethargy, bad breath, seizures, dehydration, oral ulceration, poor haircoat, poor body condition, mild pallor of the gums and other mucous membranes, bleeding/clotting problems and altered cognition. While chronic renal failure can be managed, it cannot be cured.
Causes of Canine Chronic Renal Failure
Why dogs develop chronic renal failure is not known. It may be that with advancing age, the kidneys simply wear out. Genetics appear to be a factor as well, with a predisposition for familial inheritance reported in certain breeds. Other contributing factors include exposure to toxins, congenital kidney disorders, prior episodes of acute renal failure, chronic urinary tract obstruction, drugs, polycystic kidney disease, lymphoma, diabetes mellitus and a number of other kidney-specific disorders.
Preventing Chronic Renal Failure in Dogs
Most cases of chronic renal failure are not preventable or particularly treatable. Companion dogs – especially those over 7 years -- should receive an annual veterinary examination with blood and urine screening to monitor kidney function and the health of other vital organs. Early diagnosis and supportive care can delay progression of the disease. Dietary changes can be helpful, and a number of good commercial renal diets are available. If vomiting or gastric ulceration are involved, your veterinarian can recommend a number of over-the-counter or prescription medications to decrease gastric acidity and sooth the stomach lining. Of course, free access to fresh water is always important.
Special Notes
The prognosis for dogs with CRF is difficult to predict but can range from days to years. If your dog has been diagnosed with chronic renal failure, your veterinarian is in the best position to discuss the course of disease and treatment options with you.